Past Perfect

Pola kalimat

Verbal :

(+) S + Had + V3 + O                                                (+) She had spoken English

(-) S + Had + not + V3 + O                                        (-) She had not spoken English

(?) Had + S + V3 + O?                                               (?) had she spoken English?

Nominal:

(+) S + Had + Been + C                                             (+) She had been a teacher when I was there.

(-) S + Had + not + Been + C                                     (-) She had not been a teacher when I was there.

(?) Had + S + Been + C                                              (?) Had she been a teacher when I was there?

• Digunakan untuk menyatakan waktu kejadian yang telah selesai dikerjakan ketika peristiwa lain terjadi di masa lampau.

Eg: when Ajeng reached the station, the train had left two hours ago.

• Time signal: After, Until/till, before, when, as soon as: segera setelah.

RUMUS MENGGUNAKAN KATA TANYA (QUESTION WORD)

1. menanyakan subjek.             à  Q.W + Had + V3 + O?

2. Menanyakan selain subjek.  à  Q.W + Had + S + V3?

Example:

              He had forgotten his keys    

               a           b                 c

1. Who had forgotten his keys?
2. What had he done?

What had he forgotten?

Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense

Pola kalimat

Verbal :

(+) S + is/am/are + Ving + O                          (+) She is speaking English

(-) S + is/am/are + not + Ving + O                  (-) She is not speaking English

(?) Is/am/are + S + Ving + O ?                        (?) Is she speaking English?

Nominal:

Bentuk nominal dari past continuous adalah sama dengan bentuk kalimat nominal dalam simple past.

• Tobe Were dipakai untuk subject You, They, We.
• Tobe Was dipakai untuk subject I, She, He, It.
• Menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada masa yang lampau

Eg: my brother was sleeping at 7 o’clock.

• Biasanya bersamaan dengan kejadian yang lain.

Eg: I was studying when she arrived last night.

• Time signal : at 7 o’clock last night. At….last…., etc.

RUMUS MENGGUNAKAN KATA TANYA (QUESTION WORD)

1. menanyakan subjek.             à  Q.W + Was + Ving + O?

2. Menanyakan selain subjek.  à  Q.W + Was / Were + S + Ving?

Example:

            A boy was advising his brother.

            a                  c            d      

                 b

1. How many boys were advising his brother?
2. Who was advising hid brother?
3. What was a boy doing?

Whose brother was a boy advising?

Simple Past

Pola kalimat

Verbal :

(+) S + V2 + O                                                (+) She spoke English

(-) S + Did + not + V1 + O                             (-) She did not speak English

(?) Did + S + V1 + O ?                                   (?) Did she speak English?

Nominal

(+) S + Was / Were + Complement                 (+) Aura was a student.

(-) S + Was / Were + not + Complement        (-) Aura was not a student

(?) Was / Were + S + Complement?               (?) was Aura a student?

·     Time signal: yesterday, last month, this morning (tadi pagi), two days ago, last…..

·     Fungsi simple past:

1.      untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di waktu tertentu pada masa lampau. Eg: aisya bought a car yesterday.

2.      menyatakan kebiasaan di masa lampau. (sekarang sudah tidak lagi) Eg: he used to play in Borinda. Ani usually went to campus on foot last month.

3.      Sebagai if clause dalam conditional sentence tipe 2. Eg: If my club had much money, we will buy the most expensive one.

·     Fungsi did:

1.      sebagai kata kerja bantu: I did not do it.

2.      sebagai ordinary verb : I did my homework.

3.      sebagai penyangat. : I did love it.

·     Perbedaan simple past dengan present perfect:

1.      simple past digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang diketahui waktunya. Eg: I visited my boy yesterday.

2.      present perfect digunakan untuk sesuatu yang tidak diketahui waktunya.

      Eg: I have visited my boy.

RUMUS MENGGUNAKAN KATA TANYA (QUESTION WORD)

2. menanyakan subjek.             à  Q.W + V2 + O?

3. Menanyakan selain subjek.  à  Q.W + Did + S + V1?

Example:

            Danar studied English last night.

               a           b         c               d

1. Who studied English last night?
2. What did Danar do last night.
3. What did Danar study last night?

When did Danar study English?

Present Perfect Continuous

Pola kalimat

Verbal :

(+) S + Have/Has + been + Ving + O                         (+) She has been speaking English

(-) S + Have/Has + not + been + Ving + O                (-) She has not been speaking English

(?) Have/Has + S + been + Ving + O?                        (?) Has she been speaking English?

Nominal:

Bentuk nominal dari Present Perfect Continuous adalah sama dengan bentuk kalimat nominal dalam prseent perfect

• Fungsi tense ini adalah:

1. menyatakan aktifitas yang telah sedang berlangsung selama beberapa waktu sampai sekarang. Eg: they have been playing football for an hour until now.
2. menyatakan durasi waktu suatu pekerjaan yang telah berlangsung dan masih berlanjut. Eg: Aini has been talking to her mom for two hours.

• Time signal :

1. for two hours until now (selama 2 jam sampai sekarang)
2. for…..until now
3. since….until now.

·         Persamaan perbedaan present perfect dengan present perfect continuous:

1. Jika untuk menyatakan long term activity (lama aktifitas), seperti kata live, stay dll maka tidak ada perbedaan.

Eg: Rama has stayed in this village for 7 years (since 2002)

Rama has been staying in this village for 7 years (since 2002)

2. Jika menggunakan short term activity, maka ada perbedaan. Bandingkan:

eg: she has been studying biology for an hour (now she is not studying biology)

      she has been studying biology for an hour (now she is still studying biology)

3. Present perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan aktifitas yang diulang-ulang di waktu lampau, sedangkan present perfect continuous digunakan untuk menyatakan durasi waktu tersebut yang sampai sekarang masih dijalankan.

RUMUS MENGGUNAKAN KATA TANYA (QUESTION WORD)

1. menanyakan subjek.             à  Q.W + Has + Been + Ving + O?

2. Menanyakan selain subjek.  à  Q.W + Has/Have + S + Been + Ving?

Example:

They have been doing his work for two hours.

a.                                       b                  c

1. Who has been doing his work for two hours?
2. What have they been doing for two hours? 
3. How long have they been doing his work?

Present Perfect

Pola kalimat

Verbal :

(+) S + Have/Has + V3 + O                            (+) She has spoken English

(-) S + Have/Has + not + V3 + O                   (-) She has not spoken English

(?) Have/Has + S + V3 + O?                          (?) Has she spoken English?

Nominal:

(+) S + Have/Has + been + Complement                    (+) Aura has been a student.

(-) S + Have/Has + not + been + Complement           (-) Aura has not been a student

(?) Have/Has + S + Been + Complement?                  (?) Has Aura been a student?

• Has dipakai untuk subject She, He, It, Yulia, sedangkan Have dipakai untuk I, You, They, We, Inayah and Aryo.
• Time signal :

1. already (sudah)
2. ….just (baru saja)
3. ….yet (belum)
4. for (selama)
5. since (sejak)

• Fungsi tense ini adalah

1. untuk menyatakan suatu aktifitas yang sudah selesai dilaksanakan pada waktu lampau dan masih ada hubungan serta efek yang masih terasa pada masa sekarang. Eg: I have taken a bath so I feel fresh now.
2. untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah pernah dilakukan berulang-ulang. Eg: my brother has gone abroad twice.

• Penggunaan just berart ”baru saja”. Eg: I have just received a letter.
• Penggunaan already berarti “sudah”. Eg: I have already done my duty.
• Penggunaan never “tidak pernah”, dan ever “pernah” lazimnya menjadi rangkaian untuk tense ini dan biasanya diikuti oleh kata before. Eg: I have ever been abroad before, I have never been in Bali before.

RUMUS MENGGUNAKAN KATA TANYA (QUESTION WORD)

1. Menanyakan subjek.             à  Q.W + Has + V3 + O?

2. Menanyakan selain subjek.  à  Q.W + Has/Have + S + V3?

Example:

            Sheilla has bought a motorcycle in Ngaliyan square.

                 a            b       c                               d

1. Who has bought a motorcycle in Ngaliyan square?
2. What has Sheila bought in Ngaliyan square.
3. How many motorcycle has Sheilla bought in Ngaliyan square.

Where has Sheilla bought a motorcycle?

THE SIMPLE WAYS TO EXPRESS OUR OPINION

1.      Well my friends, in this occasion I want to express my opinion about “How to study English well”. As we know that …

(Baiklah teman-teman, dalam kesempatan kali ini saya akan mengungkapkan pendapat saya tentang “Bagaimana belajar bahasa Inggris dengan baik”. Sebagaimana yang kita ketahui bersama bahwa …)

2.      Alright my brothers and sisters, let me express my opinion about “The Unemployment” …

3.      O.K. ladies and gentleman, according to the expert of religion, adultery is forbidden by Islamic religion. Why so? Because …

4.      That’s all my opinion about “How to study English well” and I apologize to you if you find a lot of mistakes in my explanation. Thank you very much for your attention.

(Demikianlah pendapat saya tentang “Bagaimana belajar Bahasa Inggris yang baik” dan saya mohon maaf jika anda menemukan banyak kesalahan dalam penjelasan saya. Terima kasih atas perhatian anda.)

NOTES :

·         According to our President’s opinion …

(Menurut pendapat Presiden kita …)

Kata according to digunakan untuk pendapat selain dari diri kita.

Jangan menggunakan according to my opinion (menurut pendapat saya) tapi gunakanlah : In my opinion / I  think / in my view …

·         Cara merespon pendapat orang lain :

After listening to your opinion, I don’t agree/disagree with you because …

I have listened to your views on this problem well and I have many questions in my mind …

·         Cara membuat kesimpulan :

Allow us to deliver our conclusion. The conclusion is …

·         Cara mengungkapkan ketidakpuasan :

I’m sorry, I’m not satisfied with your answer because your answer is complicated and difficult to understand. Would you like to explain more clearly?

Sorry, I can’t catch the way of your mind. What do you mean by saying that ...