Present Perfect

Pola kalimat

Verbal :

(+) S + Have/Has + V3 + O                            (+) She has spoken English

(-) S + Have/Has + not + V3 + O                   (-) She has not spoken English

(?) Have/Has + S + V3 + O?                          (?) Has she spoken English?

Nominal:

(+) S + Have/Has + been + Complement                    (+) Aura has been a student.

(-) S + Have/Has + not + been + Complement           (-) Aura has not been a student

(?) Have/Has + S + Been + Complement?                  (?) Has Aura been a student?

• Has dipakai untuk subject She, He, It, Yulia, sedangkan Have dipakai untuk I, You, They, We, Inayah and Aryo.
• Time signal :

1. already (sudah)
2. ….just (baru saja)
3. ….yet (belum)
4. for (selama)
5. since (sejak)

• Fungsi tense ini adalah

1. untuk menyatakan suatu aktifitas yang sudah selesai dilaksanakan pada waktu lampau dan masih ada hubungan serta efek yang masih terasa pada masa sekarang. Eg: I have taken a bath so I feel fresh now.
2. untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah pernah dilakukan berulang-ulang. Eg: my brother has gone abroad twice.

• Penggunaan just berart ”baru saja”. Eg: I have just received a letter.
• Penggunaan already berarti “sudah”. Eg: I have already done my duty.
• Penggunaan never “tidak pernah”, dan ever “pernah” lazimnya menjadi rangkaian untuk tense ini dan biasanya diikuti oleh kata before. Eg: I have ever been abroad before, I have never been in Bali before.

RUMUS MENGGUNAKAN KATA TANYA (QUESTION WORD)

1. Menanyakan subjek.             à  Q.W + Has + V3 + O?

2. Menanyakan selain subjek.  à  Q.W + Has/Have + S + V3?

Example:

            Sheilla has bought a motorcycle in Ngaliyan square.

                 a            b       c                               d

1. Who has bought a motorcycle in Ngaliyan square?
2. What has Sheila bought in Ngaliyan square.
3. How many motorcycle has Sheilla bought in Ngaliyan square.

Where has Sheilla bought a motorcycle?